Direct Speech or Quoted speech

Ok, first let me explain the meaning of the sentence and the sentence directly and indirectly. We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or indirect speech.

Direct Speech or Quoted speech


Saying exactly what someone has said is called Direct Speech. Here what a person says appears with quotation marks ( “….” ) and should be words for word.

Ex : She said, “ Today’s lesson is on presentations.” → this sentences using quotation mark

Indirect Speech or Reported Speech

Indirect speech sometime called reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

When reporting, speech the tenses usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Ex : Direct Speech : “ I’m going to the cinema”, he said.

Indirect Speech : He said that he was going to the cinema. → there is the addition of the word “THAT” in sentence.

The difference is only in the direct line there are quotation marks,while the indirect sentence there is no quotation marks.

TENSES CHANGES


As a rule when you report something, someone has said you go back a tense (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE

She said, “It is cold.” ↔ She said it was cold.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

She said, “I am teaching English online.” ↔ She said she was teaching English

online.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I have been teaching English for ↔ She said she had been teaching English

seven years.” for seven years.

4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

She said, “I have been on the web since 1999.”↔She said she had been on the web since

1999.

5. PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

She said, “I thought online yesterday.” ↔ She said she had taught online

yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” ↔ She said she had been teaching earlier.

7. PAST PERFECT PAST PEFECT

She said, “The lesson had already started ↔ She said lesson had already started when

when he arrived.” he arrived. (NO CHANGE)

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I would already been teaching for ↔She said I would already been teaching five minutes. for five minutes. (NO CHANGE

MODAL


Modal verb forms also sometimes change.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. WILL WOULD

She said, “I will teach English online ↔ She said she would teach English

tomorrow. online tomorrow.

2. CAN COULD

She said, “I can teach English online.” ↔ She said she could teach English online.

3. MUST HAD TO

She said, “I must have a computer teach ↔ She said she had to have a computer English online.” teach English online.

4. SHALL SHOULD

She said, “What shall we learn today?” ↔ She asked what we should learn

today.

5. MAY MIGHT

He told me, “You may leave us now” ↔ He told me that I might leave them

then.

NOTE : There is no change to could, would, should, might & ough to.

TIME CHANGE


If the reported sentences contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Expression of time if reported on a different day

· This ↔ That

· Today ↔ Yesterday

· These ↔ Those

· Now ↔ Then

· A week ago ↔ A week before

· Last weekend ↔ The weekend before last/

The previous weekend

· Here ↔ There

· Next week ↔ The following week

· Tomorrow ↔ The next

Akan tetapi kalau this,here,now dan sebagainya menunjuk pada benda.tempat atau waktu tertentu merupakan yang sekarang bagi si pembacanya pada waktu memberitakan, maka tiada perubahan kata sifat atau kata keterangan yang dilakukan dalam reported speech .

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Spoof (Bahasa Inggris Kelas XI)

What is Spoof?

Spoof Text-Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order.
===========================================================

Contoh-contoh Spoof


Penguin in the Park
Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!".

The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked; "Why are you still carrying the penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?" The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to the movie".

Generic Structure Analysis

Orientation;introducing participants: "He" and Penguin. They were in the park
Event1; The man tended to take the penguin to the park
Event; The following day, the man were still carrying the penguin
Twist; Even, finally the man would take the penguin to the movies
Language Feature Analysis
Focusing on certain certain participants; He, penguin, policeman
Using action verb; carry, walk up
Using adverb of time and place; once, in the park
Told in chronological order; chronological order by days, the next day.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Abu Nawas and the King Aaron

The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’ smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace. “You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas. “Yes, you have fooled me three times and that’s too much. I want you to leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said the king. “If that is what you want, I will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then “Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country anymore” the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.


The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house. The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. “Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure he did” answered Abu Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu Nawas.
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas’ house and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace.
Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said “Abu, I will surely punish you because you haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this country”. The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.

“I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu Nawas answered calmly. “This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this country”. The king was not able to say anything.



Generic Structure Analysis

Orientation: Introducing Abu Nawas and the King on the counteracts about leaving and staying in the country

Event 1: Abu Nawas was swimming on the pool
Event 2: Abu Nawas was walking on the stilts
Twister: Abu Nawas explained that swimming in the pool and walking on the stilts meant not stepping on the ground of the country.

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Past Tense

Past Tense

Dalam bahasa Inggris ada Past Tense, sedangkan bahasa Indonesia kalaupun ada tak perlu dipelajari, karena kata kerjanya tidak berubah. Seperti Present Tense, maka Past Tense ini pun terbagi 4: Ada yang

Simple Past atau disebut Past Tense saja, ada yang Past Continuous Tense, Past Prefect Tense dan Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Inti dari Past Tense adalah untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah “Lampau”. Lampau disini tak harus sudah lama-lama amat juga, pokoknya sudah berlalu, sudah lewat. Itulah penekanannya. Mungkin kemarin, satu jam lalu, 2 tahun lalu, 2 abad yang lalu, dan sebagainya. Semua itu sudah “Past”. Setelah membaca uraian ini Anda pasti faham lebih dalam. Pasang mata pasang telinga dan kuatkan niat ya, hehe..

Rumus Past Tense:

Positif: S + V2

Negatif: S + did not + V1

Tanya: Did + S + V1

Ingat, V2 maksud saya adalah Kata Kerja atau Verb bentuk ke-2. Tentang kata kerja dapat Anda baca di Kata Kerja

Rumus Past Tense Rumit?
Benar! eh tidak, lanjutkan saja bacanya..

Anda resepkan dulu bahwa kata kerja bantu “DO” bentuk present DO, bentuk keduanya (Bentuk Past) adalah DID. Kalau Present kan: I do not… maka Past nya: I did not….

Yang barusan saya terangkan diatas tadi akan memudahkan Anda mempelajari Past Tense ini untuk Kalimat yang Negatif dan Kalimat Tanya. Ingat saja DO jadi DID. inga.. inga… hehe..

Contoh Kalimat Past Tense:
-I launched this blog on july 14th 2009

Artinya:
Saya meluncurkan atau launching blog ini tanggal 14 juli 2009.
Sudah lewat kan?

Kata kerjanya bentuk kedua “launched”, ini tergolong kata kerja beraturan, tinggal tambahkan ED di belakang launch.

Anda ingin punya blog sendiri seperti milik saya ini? Do you want to have your own blog like this? Wah mudah, petunjuk lengkapnya, eh kursusnya bisa Anda ikuti disini:

Kursus Membuat Blog Wordpress atau cata alamatnya http://mufli.net/bbi

Ok kita lanjutkan tentang Paste Tense ini ya.

Contoh lagi:

Kita akan pakai kata kerja bentuk 1-2-3 berikut:

see – saw – seen (melihat)
buy – bought- bought (membeli)
go – went – gone (pergi)

-I saw her standing there (Saya lihat dia berdiri disana).
-My Father bought this car last year
-They went to Tokyo last month
-She went home two minutes ago

Semua itu sudah terjadi, sudah melihat, membeli mobilnya juga tahun lalu, ke Tokyonya bulan lalu, pulangnya (went home) juga 2 menit yang lalu. Kita gunakan Past Tense. Faham ya?

Kalimat Negatif Past Tense

Sesuai rumusnya: S + did + not + V1

Perhatikan dengan seksama, Kata kerjanya berubah lagi menjadi bentuk pertama (V1). Lalu kata kerja bentuk past-nya kemana? Pindah ke DID nya itu. Tadi kan diatas sudah saya bilang:

V1 -V2 – V3: Do – Did – Done

Jadi kita pakai “Did”. Karena negatif maka tambah “Not”. Jadi Did Not! hehe..

Kalimat positif tadi, kita jadikan negatif:
-I saw her standing there
Menjadi: I did not see her standing there

Lihatlah saw jadi see lagi. See-saw-seen kan bentuk kata kerjanya?

Yes benar, berurusan dengan Past Tense maka Anda perlu mempunyai banyak perbendaharaan Kata Kerja.

Positif: My Father bought this car last year
Negatif: My Father did not BUY this car last year

Anda coba yang dua ini ya:
-They went to Tokyo last month. Jadi ….
-She went home two minutes ago. Jadi ….

Kalimat Tanya Past Tense

Kalau Anda sudah tau kalimat negatif Past Tense maka kalimat tanya tinggal dibalik mawon, DID nya di depan Subject.

Positif: My Father bought this car last year
Tanya: Did My Father BUY this car last year

Anda coba yang dua ini ya:
-They went to Tokyo last month. Jadi ….
-She went home two minutes ago. Jadi ….

Boleh saja Anda tambahkan dengan Where, When, Why dan sebagainya seperti ini:

-When did my father buy this car?
-Why did they go to tokyo?

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Active and Passive Voice

A. Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan. Active 
     voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice.
Contoh :
Active voice : They catch some cat in the cage.
Passive voice : Some cat are catched by Them in the cage.

Dari contoh tersebut dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
1. Object dari active voice “some cat” menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (they) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi
    perubahan dari subject pronoun they menjadi object pronoun them.
3. Verb1 (catch) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (catched) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be are di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject
    passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan.
5. Ditambahkannya kata by di belakang verb3.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past
    future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan
  “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi.

B. Kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object
     kalimat. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih
     penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Passive voice : that comic is being bought by sudibya
Active voice : Sudibya is buying that comic.

Dari contoh tersebut dapat dijelaskan:
1. Object dari passive voice sudibya menjadi subject dari active voice.
2. Subject dari passive voice that comic menjadi object dari active voice.
3. Verb 3 (bought) pada passive voice berubah menjadi buying dan bila pada active voicenya verb 1 + ing maka pada passive voice harus ditambahkan being.

a. Simple present : Active : (S+V1)
    Passive : to be (is/am/are) verb 3
b. Present Continuos: Active : (S+to be(is/am/are)+V+ing)
    Passive : to be (is/am/are)+being+V3

c . Present Perfect: Active : (S+have/has+V3)
     Passive : (have/has+been+V3)
d . Simple Past: Active : (S+V2)
    Passive : to be ( was/were+V3)
e . Past Continuous: Active : S+to be (was/were)+Verb+ing)
    Passive : to be (was/were)+being+V3
f . Past Perfect Active : (S+had+V3)
    Passive : (had+been+V3)

Contoh kalimat active dan passive berdasarkan tense nya adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Simple present
A : I read a newspaper
P : A newspaper is read by me.
A : Felix sweeps the floor every day.
P : The floor is swept by felix every day.
A : we hunt some pig.
P : Some pig are hunted by us.

2. Present Continuous
A : He is drinking a cup of tea.
P : A cup of tea is being drunk by him.
A : They are catching some cat at the moment.
P : Some cat are being catched by them at the moment.
A : Felix is sweeping the floor now.
P : The floor is being swept by felix now.

3. Present Perfect
A : felix has swept the floor
P : The floor has been swept by felix.
A : Sudibya has bought that book of knowledge.
P : That book of knowledge has been bought by sudibya.
A : They have catched some fish.
P : Some fish have been catched by them.


4. Simple past
A : she ate some fried chicken.
P : Some fried chicken was eaten by her.
A : Felix swept the floor.
P : The floor was swept by felix.
A : they hunted some pig
P : Some pig were hunted by them.

5. Past Continuos
A : Felix was sweeping the room.
P : The room was being swept by felix.
A : Rivan ws recording our conversation.
P : Our conversation was being recorded by rivan.
A : They were catching some fish.
P : Some fish were being catched by them.

6. Past Perfect
A : Lucida had swabt the class room.
P : Class room had been swabt by lucida.
A : They had hunted some pig.
P : Some pig had been hunted by them.
A : They have ordered some Chinese food.
P : Some Chinese food has been ordered by them.


REFERENSI :
Simanjuntak, Herpinus.1992. Menguasai bahasa INGGERIS. Jakarta.Yovidherci,CV.
Buku catatan bahasa inggris.

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Direct And Indirect Speech

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

Simple present - menjadi - Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came


Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :


Direct Speech                                Indirect speech

Simple present                              simple past

Present continuous                      past continuous

Present perfect                            past perfect

Present perfect continuous        past perfect continuous

Simple past                                  past perfect

Past continuous                          past perfect continuous

Future                                         past future

Present                                       past


Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :


Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east


Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:


Direct Speech                                        Indirect Speech

this = ini                                                     that = itu

these = ini                                                 those = itu

come = datang                                         go = pergi

here = di sini, ke sini                              there = di sana, ke sana

hence = dari sini                                     thence = dari sana

hither = ke tempat ini                           thither = ke tempat itu

ago = yang lalu                                       before = lebih dahulu

now = sekarang                                     then = pada waktu itu

today = hari ini                                      that day = hari itu

tomorrow = besok                                next day = hari berikutnya    

yesterday = kemarin                           the previous day = sehari sebelumnya

last night = tadi malam                       the previous night = semalam sebelumnya

next week = minggu depan                the following week = minggu berikutnya

thus = begini                                        so = begitu


contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.               He said that he would go there

 
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.


Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)


Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.


Reporting verb - Reported speech

Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)


Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)


Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)


Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)


Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)


2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?” 
Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing


b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :


Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?” 
Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.



3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).

· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.


Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.


a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once


b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard


c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil


d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.


e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there


Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.


4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)

Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say

atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,

pray dsb.


a) Exclamatory sentences

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.


b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)

Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son

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